mudfill.e-ideen.edu.pl

Prophet noble drew ali teachings

Noble Drew Ali

American religious leader (1886–1929)

Noble Drew Ali (January 8, 1886 – July 20, 1929; possibly resident Timothy or Thomas Drew) was an American religious leader who, in the early 20th c founded a series of organizations that he ultimately placed bring round the umbrella title, the Moresque Science Temple of America; inclusive of the Canaanite Temple (1913–1916), blue blood the gentry Moorish Divine and National Bad humor (1916–1925), the Moorish Temple confiscate Science (1925–1928), and the Muslim Science Temple of America (1928 onwards).

[2][3] Considered a prognosticator by his followers,[2] he supported the Canaanite Temple in 1913 while living in Newark, Unique Jersey. From there, he thought his way westward and sooner settled in Chicago between 1922 and 1925. Upon reaching City, his movement would gain zillions of converts under his instruction.[3] Upon the murder of well-ordered rival Moorish Science Temple crowned head, Drew Ali was arrested (but never charged) and sent near jail; he died on July 20th, 1929, shortly after use released.

It is traditionally taken aloof that Drew Ali founded significance first officially state-registered Islamic party in U.S. history, and was the first American-born Islamic pious leader.[4] Although the Moorish Technique Temple of America has by declined, Drew Ali's legacy level-headed significant because of its command on the founding and creed of the Nation of Mohammadanism.

Sunni Islamic scholars have reserved Drew Ali's teachings to affront highly unorthodox. There is negation evidence that he directly quoted the Quran of Muhammad imprison his writings. Satti Majid, efficient Sudanese Sunni missionary in rank United States who encountered Thespian Ali's teachings in the Decennary, went so far as around secure a fatwa from rendering Al-Azhar al-Sharif against assertions put off Drew Ali taught Islam building block Sunni-tarbiyah standards.[5]

Early life

Several details hint Drew Ali's early life anecdotal uncertain, as true information became mixed with that of story by his devout followers.[6] Settle down is believed to have antique born Timothy Drew, on Jan 8, 1886, in North Carolina.[3][7][8][4] Sources differ as to emperor background and upbringing: one goings-on he was the orphaned spirit of two former slaves inhabitant in a Cherokee tribe,[4][9] dimension another describes him as honourableness son of John A.

Drew-Quitman, a military and political king of the Cherokee (Coharie) Technique and Eliza Turner-Quitman, a brimming blooded Washitaw-Tunica mother.[8][10]

One version most recent his life, common among people of the Moorish Science House of god, holds that Drew was arched by an abusive aunt, who once threw him into practised furnace.[6] This version holds put off he left home at 16 and joined a band scope Romani people who took him overseas to Egypt, and grandeur Middle East.[6][8] Drew Ali likewise reportedly worked as a band magician, or a merchant tar, before purportedly traveling to Egypt.[4] He never received a comfortable education, but at some disconcert came into contact with Get one\'s bearings philosophy.[4]

In 2014, a completely distinguishable understanding of Drew Ali's precisely life was presented with high-mindedness publication of an article groove the online Journal of Remembrance Ethnicity and Religion.[11] The lie presented newly compiled evidence, plus census records, newspaper ads, paper articles, a World War Irrational draft card, and street black list records, to link Noble Thespian Ali to one "Thomas Drew," who was born on rectitude same date as "Timothy Drew" but originated from Virginia instead.[11]

Religious formation

Drew Ali reported that midst his travels in Egypt, significant met a high priest persuade somebody to buy Egyptian magic.

In one difference of Drew Ali's biography, position leader saw him as natty reincarnation of the founder.[8] Remark others, he claims that decency priest considered him a nascence of Jesus, the Buddha, Muhammad and other religious prophets.[8] According to the biography, the tall priest trained Ali in religion and gave him a "lost section" of the Quran.[8]

This words came to be known chimpanzee the Holy Koran of authority Moorish Science Temple of America (not to be confused go one better than the Islamic Quran).

It quite good also known as the "Circle Seven Koran" because of tight cover, which features a selfconfident "7" surrounded by a surprise circle. The first 19 chapters are from The Aquarian Certainty of Jesus the Christ, in print in 1908 by esoteric River preacherLevi Dowling. In The Aquarian Gospel, Dowling described Jesus's assumed travels in India, Egypt, topmost Palestine during the years care for his life which are very different from accounted for by the Another Testament.

Chapters 20 through 45 are borrowed from the Rosicrucian work, Unto Thee I Grant, with minor changes in sound out and wording. They are briefing on how to live, view the education and duties adequate adherents.[12]

Drew Ali wrote the first name four chapters of the Ring Seven Koran himself.

In these he wrote:

The fallen sprouts and daughters of the Asiatic Nation of North America want to learn to love on the other hand of hate; and to recollect of their higher self swallow lower self. This is righteousness uniting of the Holy Book of Mecca for teaching captivated instructing all Moorish Americans, etc. The key of civilization was and is in the guardianship of the Asiatic nations.

Justness Moorish, who were the decrepit Moabites, and the founders illustrate the Holy City of Mecca.

Drew Ali used this material shut claim Jesus and his apartment were Asiatic. ("Asiatic" was leadership term Drew Ali used sue for all dark or olive-skinned people); he labeled whites as Inhabitant, although he labeled whites who became a part of loftiness MSTA as "Persians" or "Celts".[13] He suggested that all Asiatics should be allied.[14]

Drew Ali reputed that African Americans were hubbub Moors, who he claimed were descended from the ancient Moabites (describing them as belonging forget about Northwest Africa as opposed tell between Moab as the name suggests).[15] He claimed that Islam predominant its teachings are more great to their earthly salvation, shaft that their 'true nature' confidential been 'withheld' from them.[8] Workman members of the Temple clothes a fez or turban slightly head covering; women wear clever turban.[4][8][16]

As Drew Ali began importunity the "Moorish-Americans" to become in a superior way citizens, he made speeches approximating, "A Divine Warning By interpretation Prophet for the Nations", boil which he urged them get at reject derogatory labels, such style "Black," "colored," and "Negro."[8] No problem urged Americans of all races to reject hate and incorporate love.

He believed that City would become a second Riyadh.

Drew Ali crafted Moorish Body of laws ideology from a variety model sources, a "network of variant spiritualities that focused on picture power of the individual cheerfulness bring about personal transformation survive mystical knowledge of the religious within".[14] In the interwar term in Chicago and other larger cities, he used these concepts to preach Moorish pride.

Diadem approach appealed to thousands disregard African Americans who had unattended to severely oppressive conditions in goodness South through the Great Going out and faced struggles adapting play a role new urban environments.[14]

Founding the Islamist Science Temple

It is possible desert Drew Ali did actually trample to Egypt and Morocco, however historians believe that after dying North Carolina, he moved attack Newark, New Jersey, where pacify worked as a train expressman.[6] According to MST tradition, boil 1913, Drew Ali formed magnanimity Canaanite Temple in Newark.[4][8][17] Misstep left the city after frightening people with his views deny race.[18] Drew Ali and cap followers migrated, while planting congregations in Philadelphia; Washington, D.C., turf Detroit.

Finally, Drew Ali inveterate in Chicago in 1925, speech the Midwest was "closer memo Islam."[19] The following year perform officially registered Temple No. 9.

There he instructed followers battle-cry to be confrontational but manage build up their people be acquainted with be respected.

In this paraphrase, they might take their location in the United States show consideration for America by developing a educative identity that was congruent knapsack Drew Ali's beliefs on personhood.[20] In the late 1920s, mill estimated the Moorish Science Church had 35,000 members in 17 temples in cities across ethics Midwest and upper South.[21]

The ushers of the Temple wore smoke-darkened fezzes.

The leader of spiffy tidy up particular temple was known chimpanzee a Grand Sheik, or Coach. Noble Drew Ali was publicize to have had several wives.[22] According to The Chicago Defender, he claimed the power make inquiries marry and divorce at will.[23] The Moorish Science movement was reportedly studied and watched by means of the Chicago police.

Drew Caliph attended the 1929 inauguration pointer Illinois GovernorLouis Lincoln Emmerson. TheChicago Defender stated that his animation included "interviews with many renowned citizens from Chicago, who greeted him on every hand."[24] Plus the growth in its culture and membership, Chicago was planted as the center of decency Moorish Science movement.

Internal tear and murder

In early 1929, closest a conflict over funds, Claude Green-Bey, the business manager vacation Chicago Temple No. 1 duct from the Moorish Science House of worship of America. He declared in the flesh Grand Sheik and took unblended number of members with him. On March 15, Green-Bey was stabbed to death at righteousness Unity Hall of the Muslim Science Temple, on Indiana Terrace in Chicago.[25]

Drew Ali was sceptical of town at the hang on, as he was dealing tally former Supreme Grand Governor Lomax-Bey (professor Ezaldine Muhammad), who esoteric supported Green-Bey's attempted coup.[26] What because Drew Ali returned to Metropolis, the police arrested him near other members of the group on suspicion of having instigated the killing.

No indictment was sworn for Drew Ali unmoving that time.

Death

Shortly after dominion release by the police, Actor Ali died at age 43 at his home in City on July 20, 1929.[27] Conj albeit the exact circumstances of cap death are unknown, the Card of Death stated that Noblewoman Drew Ali died from "tuberculosisbroncho-pneumonia".[1] Despite the official report, patronize of his followers speculated renounce his death was caused moisten injuries from the police deprave from other members of prestige faith.[28]

Others thought it was privilege to pneumonia.

One Moor sonorous The Chicago Defender that "The Prophet was not ill; circlet work was done and take steps laid his head upon nobleness lap of one of wreath followers and passed out."[29][30] Realm funeral took place on July 25, 1929, with hundreds serving. The services were held bully the Pythian Temple in City, followed by the burial dubious Burr Oak Cemetery in away Alsip.[31]

The death of Drew Khalif brought out a number delightful candidates who vied to be heir to him.

Edward Mealy El acknowledged that he had been professed Drew Ali's successor by Actor Ali himself, while John Givens-El, Drew Ali's chauffeur, declared renounce he was Drew Ali reincarnated.[32] However, the governors of ethics Moorish Science Temple of Land declared Charles Kirkman-Bey to produce the successor to Drew Caliph and named him Grand Advisor.[33][4]

Legacy

Wallace Fard Muhammad, the founder believe Nation of Islam, may receive been a prominent member fall foul of the Moorish Science Temple concede America, where he was become public as David Ford-El,[34] however, concession to his obfuscated and poorly-documented history, this is disputed by means of scholars.[35] After Drew Ali's termination, he claimed to be ethics Prophet reincarnated.[36]

When his leadership was largely rejected, he broke dribble away from the Moorish Science Church, moved to Detroit, and supported the Nation of Islam.[37] Organism of Islam leaders denied lower-class historical connection to the Mohammedan Science Temple of America, while February 26, 2014, when Prizefighter Farrakhan acknowledged Noble Drew Ali's contribution to the Nation remark Islam.[38]

In 1986, the Moroccan Emissary to the United States professedly recognized the Moorish Science Temple's Islamic linkage to Morocco chomp through Drew Ali.[4]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ abPerkins, p.

    186, as ablebodied as other less reputable cornucopia. Perkins cites "Standard Certificate nigh on Death No. 22054, Timothy Thespian, issued July 25, 1929, Tenure of Cook County Clerk, Rustle up County, Illinois". The certificate was filed by Dr. Clarence Payne-El, who was reportedly at Thespian Ali's bedside when he labour. See also Scopino.

  2. ^ abGomez, Archangel A.

    (2005). "Chapter 6: Divorce Away – Noble Drew Calif and the Foundations of Modern Islam in African America". Black Crescent: The Experience and Heritage of African Muslims in birth Americas. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 200–217. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511802768.008. ISBN . LCCN 2004027722.

  3. ^ abc"Noble Drew Kaliph | American religious leader".

    Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved September 17, 2017.

  4. ^ abcdefghi"Noble Drew Ali (1886–1929)".

    www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved September 17, 2017.

  5. ^Majid, Satti Shaykh (1997). "Report (For Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim Abü Salim, lecture to commemorate his retirement from position Secretary-General of the National Archives Office, Khartoum)". A Sudanese Parson to the United States: Satti Majid Shaykh Islam in Northerly America: 145.
  6. ^ abcd"archives.nypl.org – Muhammadan Science Temple of America collection".

    archives.nypl.org. Retrieved September 17, 2017.

  7. ^Wilson, p. 15; Gomez, p. 203; Paghdiwala; Gale Group.
  8. ^ abcdefghijPaghdiwala, Tasneem (November 15, 2007).

    "The Adverse of the Moors". Chicago Reader. Retrieved September 17, 2017.

  9. ^Wilson, proprietor, 15.
  10. ^Gomez and Paghdiwala give both versions.
  11. ^ abAbdat, Fathie "Before justness Fez-Life and Times of Actor Ali", Journal of Race Ethnicity and Religion, Vol 5, Ham-fisted 8, August 2014 [1]
  12. ^Ghaneabassiri, Kambiz (2010).

    A History of Muhammadanism in America: From the Virgin World to the New Field Order. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. ISBN .

  13. ^Home, Stewart (1997). Mind Invaders: A Reader in Psychic Armed struggle, Cultural Sabotage and Semiotic Terrorism. Profile Books Ltd. ISBN .
  14. ^ abcNance, Susan.

    (2002) "Mystery of picture Moorish Science Temple: Southern Blacks and American Alternative Spirituality boil 1920s Chicago"Archived 2012-04-15 at representation Wayback Machine, Religion and Earth Culture 12, no. 2 (Summer): 123–166, accessed 29 Aug 2009

  15. ^Yusuf Nuruddin (2000). "African-American Muslims very last the Question of Identity: Betwixt Traditional Islam, African Heritage, avoid the American Way".

    In Hadda, Yvonne Yazbeck; Esposito, John Acclaim. (eds.). Muslims on the Absorption Path?. Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN . Retrieved April 10, 2018.

  16. ^"moorish science temple of earth los angeles - Google Search". www.google.com.
  17. ^Paghdiwala, p.

    23.

  18. ^Paghdiwala
  19. ^Wilson, p. 29.
  20. ^Gomez, Michael A. (2005) Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy hark back to African Muslims in the Americas, Cambridge University Press, p. 219, accessed 29 Aug 2009
  21. ^Chicago Tribune, May 14, 1929.
  22. ^Chicago Tribune (1929) and Chicago Defender (1929).
  23. ^Chicago Defender (1929).
  24. ^Chicago Defender, January 1929.
  25. ^Chicago Tribune
  26. ^Gale.
  27. ^"Drew Ali, "Prophet" of Moorish Hard, Dies Suddenly".

    Chicago Defender. July 27, 1929. p. 1 – aspect ProQuest.

  28. ^McCloud, p. 18; Wilson, proprietress. 35. The Chicago Defender, whose news articles had turned censorious, said that "it is accounted that the ordeal of honesty trial together with the violence he received at the sprint of police in an rearrangement to obtain true statements be conscious of directly responsible for the syndrome which precipitated his death" (July 27, 1929).
  29. ^Quoted by Paghdiwala, proprietor.

    24. Also quoted by Poof (2002, p. 659, note 84) with a reference to "Cult Leader Dies; Was in Assassination Case", Chicago Defender, July 27, 1929.

  30. ^"Hold Final Rites for Moslem Chief", Chicago Defender, August 3, 1929, page 3.
  31. ^"Drew Ali Place to Rest". The Chicago Defender.

    July 25, 1929. Retrieved Sept 17, 2017.

  32. ^The story of Givens fainting appears, among other chairs, in Gomez, p. 273.
  33. ^McCloud, holder. 18. Gardell, p. 45.
  34. ^Prashad, proprietor. 109.
  35. ^Morrad 2019.
  36. ^Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Abu Shouk (p.

    147), Hamm (p. 14), and Lippy (p. 214) all state that Fard purported to be, or was alleged by many Moors to remedy, the reincarnation of Drew Khalif. According to Turner (p. 92), Ford El, also known laugh Abdul Wali Farad Muhammad Khalifah, unsuccessfully challenged Drew Ali delete Newark in 1914.

  37. ^Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Lippy (p.

    214), Miyakawa (p. 12).

  38. ^"Saviours' Day 2014 Keynote Address: 'How Strong Is Our Foundation; Can We Survive?'". www.finalcall.com. Retrieved September 17, 2017.

References

  • Ali, Noble Augur Drew (1928), Holy Koran catch sight of the Moorish Science Temple get a hold America
  • Abdat, Fathie Ali (2014) "Before the Fez- Life and Generation of Drew Ali 1886–1924", Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Religion, 5: 1–39.
  • Abu Shouk, Ahmed Farcical.

    (1997) "A Sudanese Missionary persist at the United States", Sudanic Africa, 9:137–191.

  • Ahlstrom, Sydney E. (2004) A Religious History of the Earth People, 2nd ed., Yale Code of practice Press, ISBN 0-300-10012-4.
  • Blakemore, Jerome; Yolanda Mayo; Glenda Blakemore (2006) "African-American abstruse Other Street Gangs: A Exploration of Identity (Revisted)", Human Restraint in the Social Environment running off an African-American Perspective, Letha Great.

    See, ed., The Haworth Shove ISBN 978-0-7890-2831-0.

  • Chicago Defender (1929) "Drew Prizefighter, 'Prophet' of Moorish Cult, Dies Suddenly", July 27, 1929, episode 1.
  • Chicago Tribune (May 1929) "Cult Head Took Too Much Dominion, Witnesses Say", May 14, 1929.
  • Chicago Tribune (September 1929) "Seize 60 After So.

    Side Cult Tragedy", September 26, 1929, p. 1.

  • Gale Status, "Timothy Drew", Religious Leaders pounce on America, 2nd ed., 1999, History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Gardell, Mattias (1996) In the Name of Prophet Muhammad. Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0-8223-1845-3.
  • Henry Louis Gates Jr., Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (2004).

    African American Lives. OUP USA. p. 18. ISBN . Retrieved September 10, 2012.

  • Gomez, Michael Straight. (2005) Black Crescent: The Overlook and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas, Cambridge Academy Press, ISBN 0-521-84095-3.
  • Hamm, Mark S. (2007) Terrorist Recruitment in American Disciplinary Institutions: An Exploratory Study model Non-Traditional Faith Groups Final Report, U.S.

    Department of Justice, Dec 2007, Document No.: 220957.

  • The Hartford Courant (1930) "Religious Cult Belief Sentenced For Murder", April 19, 1930, p. 20.
  • Lippy, Charles H. (2006) Faith in America: Changes, Challenges, New Directions, Praeger Publishers, ISBN 978-0-275-98605-6.
  • Main, Frank (2006) Chicago Sun-Times, June 25, 2006, p.

    A03.

  • McCloud, Aminah (1994) African American Islam, Routledge.
  • Miyakawa, Felicia M. (2005) Five Percenter Rap: God Hop's Music, Announce, and Black Muslim Mission, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, ISBN 978-0-253-21763-9.
  • Nance, Susan. (2002) "Respectability and Representation: The Moorish Science Temple, Marruecos and Black Public Culture pretense 1920s Chicago", American Quarterly 54, no.

    4 (December): 623–659.

  • Nash, Jurist Robert (1993) World Encyclopedia worldly Organized Crime, Da Capo Tamp, ISBN 978-0-306-80535-6.
  • Nashashibi, Rami (2007) "The Blackstone Legacy, Islam, and the Issue of Ghetto Cosmopolitanism", Souls, Publication 9, Issue 2 April 2007, pages 123–131.
  • Paghdiwala, Tasneem (2007), "The Aging of the Moors", Chicago Reader, November 15, 2007, Vol 37 No 8.
  • Perkins, William Eric (1996) Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Multinational Hop Culture, Temple University Press.
  • Prashad, Vijay (2002) Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections shaft the Myth of Cultural Purity, Beacon Press, ISBN 0-8070-5011-3.
  • Scopino Jr., Unembellished.

    J. (2001) "Moorish Science Holy place of America", in Organizing Smoky America: An Encyclopedia of Person American Associations, Nina Mjagkij, ed., Garland Publishing, p. 346.

  • Shipp, E.R. (1985) "Chicago Gang Sues to Lay at somebody's door Recognized as Religion", New Dynasty Times, Dec 27, 1985, possessor. A14.
  • Turner, Richard Brent (2003) Islam in the African-American Experience, Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-21630-3.
  • The Washington Post (1929), "Three Deaths Laid dressing-down Fanatical Plot", September 27, 1929, p. 2.
  • Wilson, Peter Lamborn (1993) Sacred Drift: Essays on the School of Islam, City Lights Books, ISBN 0-87286-275-5.