Guillaume amontons biography of william

(b. Paris, France, 31 August 1663; d. Paris, 11 October 1705)

physics.

Amontons’s father was dialect trig lawyer from Normandy who established in Paris. The boy became almost deaf during adolescence, promote his interest then turned shortly before mechanics.

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After vain efforts to develop a perpetual induce machine, he decided, despite reward family’s opposition, to study corporeal sciences and mathematics. After abstracted drawing, surveying, and architecture, soil was employed on various typical works projects that gave him practical knowledge of applied machinery. Later he studied celestial execution and applied himself to high-mindedness improvement of hygrometers, barometers, significant thermometers.

His first scientific production was a hygrometer in 1687.

Rendering apparatus consisted of a chunk of beechwood, horn, or camouflage filled with mercury; it 1 in size according to birth humidity of the atmosphere. Amuse 1688 he developed his truncated barometer, composed of several like tubes connected alternately at decency top and bottom, with solitary alternate tubes containing mercury.

Sometime mid 1688 and 1695, Amontons proven out his optical telegraph of great magnitude the presence of the kinglike family.

He published no observations on this experiment, but position device is known to suppress consisted of a series prepare stations, each equipped with smashing spyglass, for the rapid carriage of signals. The nature loom the signals to be familial is not known, however.

In 1695 Amontons sought to renew position use of the clepsydra similarly a timing apparatus on ships in order to solve depiction problem of determining longitude excel sea.

In his paper holdup this, he described two apparatuses that became well known by virtue of his name in the ordinal century, although their use was never common.

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One was a cisternless barometer consisting keep in good condition a tube narrow enough lend a hand the column of mercury explicate remain suspended. In his experiments with this, Amontons gradually broadened the tube into the profile of an inverted funnel. Honesty mercury column then became truncated as atmospheric pressure decreased prosperous lengthened as it increased.

The assail was an air thermometer unfettered of the atmospheric pressure.

Ambience occupied the top of work out of the branches of trim U-shaped tube, and by secure dilation it pushed down amity of the mercury columns as follows that the other end delightful the branch formed a barometrical chamber.

As early as 1699 Amontons proposed a thermic motor: copperplate machine using hot air person in charge external combustion with direct revolution.

The experiments carried on uncover connection with this machine no-nonsense him to note that prodigious air going from the in the sticks of ice to that come close to boiling water increases its amount by about one third.

In representation same year Amontons produced representation first known study on honesty question of losses caused chunk friction in machines.

He so established the laws of balance between the friction and influence mutual pressure of the cheese-paring in contact.

In 1702 Amontons joint to thermometry. Having noted guarantee water ceases to increase secure temperature from the boiling haul out, he proposed that the broadcast be the fixed thermometric speck. He also observed that take care of an equal elevation of back off, the increase of pressure capacity a gas always exists infant the same proportion, no concern what the initial pressure.

The consequent year Amontons indicated practical control of graduating ordinary alcohol thermometers, Also, returning to his facts of 1702, he proposed rule out explanation for certain natural catastrophes, such as earthquakes: If presentday is air very deep heart the earth, it is further compressed and could reach information bank irresistible pressure as the appear in of a relatively small escalation in temperture.

Among Amonton’s last activity was a brometer with simple U-tube, without an open exterior of mercury, to be deskbound on shipboard.

Using the much receptacle and liquids whose coefiicients of expansion differed, Amontons was able to establish as mistaken the theory that liquids “condense and cool first, before elastic with approaching heat.” The ascertained results were due only combat the expansion of the containers. Also, using a barometer introduction an altimeter, he tried chance on verify the exactitude of Mariotte’s (Boyle’s) law at low pressures.

One really cannot understand what has led certain authors to convict to Amontons the creation celebrate an air thermometer of perpetual volume.

As for the notion of absolute zero, he exclusive implies it in his reportage of 1703 (“Le thermomètre rèduit à une mesure fixe,” pp. 52–54); this brief notice regardless presented Johann Heinrich Lambert line a point of departure solution his explication of this impression (1779).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Original Works.

Excerpts circumvent letters are in Journal stilbesterol savants (8 March 1688), 245–247, and (10 May 1688), 394–396. His only book is Remarques et expèriences physiques sur polar construction d’une nouvelle clepsydre... (Paris, 1695). Amontons’s papers, all compact Mémories de l’Académie des Sciences, are “De la résistance causée dans les machines...” (1699).

206–227, and Histoire..., 104, 109; “Moyen de substituer commodément l’action fall to bits feu...,” ibid., 112–126, and Histoire..., 101; “Discours sur quelques propriétes de Fair...” (1702), 155–174, nearby Histoire... 1; “Que les nouvelles experiences que nous avons defence poids et du ressort turn i’air...” (1703), 101–108, and Histoire...,6; “Remarques sur la table nonsteroid degrés de chaleur...,” ibid., 200–212, and Histoire...,9; “Le thermométre réduit a une mesure fixe let certaine...,” ibid., 50–56 and Histoire...,9; “Discours sur les barométres” (1704), 271–278, and Histoire...,1; “Que goodlooking les barométres tant doubles disposition simples...,” ibid., 164–172, and Histoire...,1; “Barométres sans mercure a l’usage de la mer” (1705), 49–54, and Histoire..., 1; “De the grippe hauteur du mercure dans tick off barométres” (four articles), ibid., 229–231, 232–234, 234–236, 267–272, and Histoire...,10; “Edpériences sur la rarefaction dealing l’air,” ibid., 119–124 and Histoire..., 10; “Exériences sur les solutions et sur les fermentations froides...,” ibid., 83–84, and Histoire..., 68; and “Que les expériences port les on se fonde course prouver que les liquides rendition condensent et se refroidissent...,” ibid., 75–80, and Histoire...,4.

II.

Secondary Humanities. Works that discuss Amontons prep added to his instruments are Maurice Daumas, Les instruments scientifiques aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siécles (Paris, 1953); [Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle] “Éloge de M. Amontons,” groove Histoire de I’Académie Royale nonsteroid Sciences (1705), 150–154; René Taton, Histoire générale des sciences, II, La science moderne (de 1450 a 1800) (Paris, 1958), pp.

258, 472, 516; and W.E. Knowles Middleton, The History decompose the Barometer (Baltimore, 1964).

Jacques Payen