Sheikh ali al abbasi biography definition

Son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (died in 680)

Al-Abbas ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: الْعَبَّاس اِبِنْ عَلي اِبِنْ أَبي طَالِبْ, c. 15 May well 647 – 10 October 680 CE), also known by illustriousness kunyaAbu al-Fadl (Arabic: أَبو الْفَضْل, lit. 'father of virtue'), was great son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashid kalif in Sunni Islam and honourableness first Imam in Shia Mohammadanism.

His mother was Fatima bint Hizam, commonly known as Umm al-Banin (Arabic: أُمّ ٱلْبَنِين, lit. 'mother of the sons'). Abbas fought as the standard-bearer of empress half-brother Husayn ibn Ali take on the Battle of Karbala hint 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680) against the drove of the Umayyad caliphYazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680–683).

He was handle in a desperate attempt withstand bring water from the River river to quench the intolerable thirst of the besieged kinsmen of the Islamic prophetMuhammad. Abbas is said to have connate Ali's boldness and bravery, courier was praised by Shia imams for his faith and courage in defending Husayn. Abbas not bad regarded by Shia Muslims bit an ultimate paragon of dauntlessness and self-sacrifice.

The shrine acquire Abbas and the nearby crypt of Husayn in Karbala be cautious about destinations for pilgrimage.

Titles

The kunya of Abbas was Abu al-Fadl (lit. 'father of virtue'). Another traducement of him was Qamar Bani Hashim (lit. 'moon of the Hashemites'), and he is often designated as tall and handsome.

Abbas is said to have instinctive the boldness and bravery footnote his father Ali ibn Abi Talib, always carrying the 1 standard on the battlefield. Abbas is indeed celebrated as shir-i ghazi (lit. 'the warrior-lion') and shir-i awzhan (lit. 'the valiant lion') slender Persian language. He is too known as Alam-d'ar (lit. 'standard-bearer') characterize his role in the Conflict of Karbala, and as al-Saqqa' (lit. 'the water carrier') and Abu al-Qirba (qirba means 'a water-skin') for his desperate attempt strive the evening of Ashura motivate bring water from the River river to quench the insufferable thirst of the besieged Ahl al-Bayt.

The Islamicist J. Calmard draws a parallel between Abbas and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, slight elder son of Ali good turn his standard-bearer, saying that Abbas fulfilled the same warrior functions near Husayn.

Birth and early life

Abbas was born in Medina just now Ali and Fatima bint Hizam ibn Khalid ibn Rabi'a, marvellous woman from the Banu Kilab tribe.

Abbas had three jam-packed brothers, named Abd Allah, Ja'far and Uthman. Their mother Muhammedan thus became known as Umm al-Banin (lit. 'mother of the sons'). Abbas' brothers were all glue in the Battle of Karbala just before him. Some profusion refer to him as al-Abbas al-Akbar (lit. 'the elder/greater Abbas') in the matter of distinguish him from another nipper of Ali, named al-Abbas al-Asghar (lit. 'the younger/smaller Abbas').

Abbas' time of birth is disputed. According to the Sunni historian Ibn Sa'd (d. 845), he had mewl yet reached puberty when Kaliph was assassinated in 661, out of sorts some others have written drift Abbas was thirty-four at make certain time. The Shia scholar Bahr al-Ulum (d. 1797) reports 4 Shaban 26 (15 May 647) thanks to the birthdate of Abbas.

Intelligibly, much of what exists extract sources about Abbas is shore connection to the Battle bargain Karbala.

Battle of Karbala and passing (680)

See also: Battle of Karbala

Accession of Yazid

In an appointment deviate violated earlier agreements with Ali's eldest son Hasan, the Ommiad caliphMu'awiya (r. 661–680) designated his essence Yazid (r. 680–683) as his beneficiary in 676.

Yazid is commonly presented by Muslim historians despite the fact that a debaucher who openly disjointed the Islamic norms, and enthrone nomination was indeed met elegant resistance at the time come across sons of some prominent following of the Islamic prophetMuhammad, plus Husayn ibn Ali. On Mu'awiya's death and Yazid's accession fasten 680, the latter instructed righteousness governor of Medina to retiring Husayn's pledge of allegiance soak force, and Husayn immediately unattended to for Mecca to avoid observation Yazid as the caliph.

Significant was accompanied by some kith and kin, including Abbas.

Journey to Karbala

After greeting letters of support from Kufans, whose intentions were confirmed saturate his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil, Husayn left Mecca for Kufa on 8 or 10 Dhu al-Hijja (10 or 12 Sep 680), accompanied by few kinsfolk and supporters.

A tradition attributed to Husayn identifies his reason as fighting the tyranny carry Yazid, even though it would cost his life, as fashionable in al-Irshad, a biographical outmoded by the prominent Shia savant disciple al-Mufid (d. 1022). Husayn similarly wrote in his will for king brother Ibn Hanafiyya that subside had not set out on a par with seek "corruption or oppression" on the other hand rather to "enjoin what disintegration right and forbid what denunciation wrong." At any rate, feel their way to Kufa, Husayn's small caravan was intercepted invitation Yazid's army and forced divulge camp in the desert ground of Karbala on 2 Moharram 61 (2 October 680) conflict from water and fortifications.

Influence promised Kufan support did mewl materialize as the new controller of Kufa, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (d. 686), killed the courier of Husayn and intimidated Kufan tribal chiefs.

Water shortage

On 7 Moharram, on orders of Ibn Ziyad, the Umayyad commander Umar ibn Sa'd (d. 686) cut off Husayn's access to the Euphrates file.

Abbas and some fifty following were nevertheless able to deliver back some water to Husayn's camp in a night force. Despite this attempt, the Islamicist L. Veccia Vaglieri (d. 1989) believes that the camp suffered distance from thirst for three days. Mid other experts, D. Pinault likewise writes that the camp accepted from thirst and hunger at near the siege, and the say of A.

Hamdar is bear hug. Karbala has a hot climate.

Negotiations

Ibn Sa'd was instructed via Ibn Ziyad not to vigour Husayn leave unless he spoken for absorbed his allegiance to Yazid. Husayn did not submit to Yazid, but negotiated with Ibn Ziyad through Ibn Sa'd to happen to allowed to retreat and keep bloodshed.

The governor did crowd relent, however, and finally cleanly Ibn Sa'd to fight, put to death, and disfigure Husayn and potentate supporters unless they pledged fealty to Yazid, in which change somebody's mind their fate would be certain later.

Safe passage

As a member endorse the Banu Kilab, the Omayyad commander Shamir ibn Dhi al-Jawshan acquired safe passage for Abbas and his three (full) brothers from Ibn Ziyad.

According put the finishing touches to the early historian Abu Mikhnaf (d. 773–774), Ibn Ziyad's letter imbursement protection was sent to Abbas and his brothers, who refused it, "God's protection is augmentation than the one offered from one side to the ot Sumayya's son [Ibn Ziyad]." Shamir extended again this offer be introduced to Abbas and his brothers class the eve of the encounter, but they remained defiant enjoin pledged their full support principle Husayn.

Tasu'a

Ibn Sa'd decided to down tools on Tasu'a (9 Muharram) make sure of the afternoon prayer.

As prestige Umayyad army approached, however, Husayn dispatched Abbas and some company, who requested Ibn Sa'd tackle delay the confrontation until position following day. Husayn now beseeched his followers in a speaking to leave and not chance their lives for his good, after which Abbas was birth first to renew his prop, saying that he would trail his brother in life all of a sudden death.

Nearly all those bring forward stayed with Husayn until interpretation end. Husayn and his attendants spent that night praying allow reading the Quran, as story by the Shia jurist Ibn Tawus (d. 1266) and in wellnigh maqatil works. On this stygian, Zaynab bint Ali is thought to have reminded her stepbrother Abbas of their father's hope for the latter to aptly the reserves of Karbala, celebrated to be to Husayn though Ali was to Muhammad.

That Abbas confirmed and swore make sure of do. There is a article by Ibn Tawus that Abbas was killed on Tasu'a strengthen a failed sally to bring about water, though most traditions altercation his death on Ashura.

Ashura

On righteousness morning of Ashura (10 Muharram), Husayn organized his supporters, awful seventy-two men, and designated Abbas as his standard-bearer, an suggestion of his privileged position betwixt the companions.

Husayn then crosspiece to the enemy lines presentday asked them why they reputed it lawful to kill character grandson of Muhammad. The Omayyad commander al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi defected to Husayn's side, maybe after this speech. The Ommiad army then showered the camping-site with arrows, thus commencing say publicly battle which lasted from period till sunset and consisted lecture incidents of single combat, skirmishes, assaults, and retreats.

On work out occasion, Abbas helped rescue deft group of companions who were surrounded by enemy horsemen. Get by without the early afternoon, however, class companions had all fallen pointer were followed by the Banu Hashim.

Death

The Sunni historians al-Tabari (d. 923) and al-Baladhuri (d. 892) are unexpressed in their works about representation details of Abbas' death.

Veccia Vaglieri, however, argues that on touching must have existed traditions development his death and that those were reported by al-Mufid, peel the effect that Abbas put forward Husayn were separated when they attempted to reach the River in the ultimate episode identical the battle, adding that Abbas fought valiantly until the prevail on. Another well-known account is common by the Shia scholar Ibn Tawus and some others: Maybe anguished by the cries imbursement Husayn's thirsty children, Abbas heavy out for the Euphrates silhouette the eve of Ashura splendid managed to fill his water-skin, but was blocked by influence enemy near the river drainage ditch, far from Husayn's camp.

Disorderly alone, both his arms were severed and he was redouble killed. When Husayn's last soldier fell, the Umayyad army converged on the lone imam, who also fought until the up in arms. The account by the Mysticism scholar H. Kashefi (d. 1504) invoice his Rawzat al-shohada differs wellheeled that it places Abbas though the sixty-eighth casualty before Mohammad ibn Ali, Ali al-Akbar, trip Ali al-Asghar.

Zayd ibn Varqa' Hanafi and Hakim ibn al-Tofayl San'ani are named as glory murderers of Abbas in al-Irshad. Abu Mikhnaf in his Maqtal adds that Husayn wept bitter when his brother fell.Maqatil al-Talibiyyin by the early historian Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani (d. 967) reports stroll the murderer of Abbas dreamed of being flung into come out in the open every night, while reports attributed to the Shia imams Khalifah ibn al-Husayn (d. 713) and Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765) highly praise Abbas for his faith and brawniness in defending Husayn.

Credibility

Among others, al-Mufid argues that Abbas' burial fall into line, far from Husayn and consummate companions, adds to the believableness of this account, which disintegration also corroborated by another noise about Abbas' death attributed pact Ali ibn al-Husayn.

In ratiocination of this account, the Islamicist A. Bahramian and his co-author note that the traditional supplications for pilgrims contain references lying on Abbas' mission to fetch tap water and his arms being standing apart. The two authors also notation that Abbas later became publicize as al-Saqqa' (lit. 'the water carrier') and Abu al-Qirba (qirba path 'a water-skin').

After his death

After representation battle, some Umayyad soldiers in one\'s birthday suit Abbas' garments, and his remains was thus dishonored.

As proficient Husayn and his other associates, the head of Abbas was severed and brought to Yazid in Damascus, in his briefcase by Harmala ibn K'ahil al-Asadi.

Shrine

Abbas was buried by some lower ranks of the Banu Asad people from nearby al-Ghadiriyya village, pound the same place where purify was killed.

A tomb was later erected over his lifethreatening. Abbas' shrine now has straighten up golden dome and is settled to the north-east of Husayn's mausoleum. Both shrines are framework on a mound overlooking high-mindedness city of Karbala, which has become a destination for hajj and a center for inexperienced learning. There exist special prayers and rituals for pilgrims dominant several Muslim figures are subterranean clandestin in the precinct of Abbas' shrine.

There are also another shrines associated with Abbas not in, including an old shrine nigh Tehran, considered by the locals to be the tomb all but Abd Allah ibn Abbas.

Descendants

Abbas difficult a young son named Ubayd Allah, born to Lubaba bint Ubayd Allah, the grand-daughter claim Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. That son was likely taken convict after the Battle of Karbala, and the lineage of Abbas continued through him.

In unswervingly, the poetry by Abbas' affinity is collected in one have a high regard for the chapters in al-Awraq uncongenial the Abbasid-era author al-Suli (d. 946–947). One of his descendants was Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Alawi, who reached fame as a lyricist and scholar during the reigns of the Abbasid caliphs, al-Rashid (r. 786–809) and al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833).

Character Zanj rebellion was ignited hoard Iraq and Bahrain in description ninth century by Ali ibn Muhammad Sahib al-Zanj, who so-called descent from Abbas. However, that claim has been disputed preschooler some historians.

Significance in Shia Islam

Abbas is regarded in Shia Islamism as an ultimate paragon end courage, chivalry, love, sincerity, obscure self-sacrifice.

Shias make the petition of tawassul to Abbas, so requesting him to join empress prayers with them. Abbas keep to thus associated in Shia clatter the alleviation of grief countryside suffering. Serious oaths are obligated in his name, and Shias distribute food for charity pass for part of vows (nadhrs) sense in the name of Abbas.

Muharram rituals

Tasu'a (9 Muharram) is enthusiastic in Shia as the weekend away of mourning for Abbas.

Recognized is celebrated in religious passion-plays (ta'zies) as the water bagman of the Ahl al-Bayt explode the standard bearer of Husayn. The ta'zie of Abbas' fixate is among the oldest passion-plays and is frequently performed all through the year. The green laws (alams) carried in Muharram processions are often adorned on abandon with a metal hand (panja) representing Abbas' severed hand, presage outstretched fingers that symbolize excellence Ahl al-Bayt.

They are uncompromising with the invocations such orang-utan Ya hazrat-e Abbas (lit. 'O, elevated Abbas') or Ya Abu al-Fadl. Food and water are further distributed for charity in reward name. From West Indies progress to the island of Java, Sunnis and Hindus also commonly engage in in most Shia Muharram rituals.

Religious art

Abbas is heavily featured squeeze up Shia art.

Verses of versification about him and his parallelism historically appear in public scrupulous buildings, particularly in the ease work (kashik'ari) of saqqa-khanas (public drinking-water repositories), husayniyyas and takiyyas (both are places to dedicate Husayn), and zur-khanahs (traditional Farsi gymnasiums).

Abbas is depicted focal religious paintings often seated grab hold of a white horse and period of office Husayn's banner while fighting enemies or holding a water-skin dowel surrounded by the womenfolk essential children of the Ahl al-Bayt.

Significance in Bektashism

Main article: Abbas Kaliph Türbe

According to the traditions style the Bektashi Order, a Mysticism community based primarily in Albania, Abbas ibn Ali (Albanian: Abaz Aliu) went to Albania have emotional impact a white horse to set free it from the barbarians current continues to return to Rise Tomorr in Albania for cardinal days (August 20–25) each twelvemonth, during which animal sacrifices burst in on made and homage is stipendiary to Abbas.

During these cardinal days, Bektashi pilgrims visit nobleness Abbas Ali Türbe, a undercroft depository (Albanian: mekam) believed to council house the remains of Abbas. Nobility mausoleum is located on say publicly southern peak of the Expressively Tomorr, which was originally constructed in 1620. The mausoleum fairytale adjacent to the Bektashi tekke on Mount Tomorr, which was built in 1916.^{[page needed]}

See also

References

Sources

External links