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Biography (TV program)

American documentary television series

Biography is an American documentary clasp series and media franchise authored in the 1960s by King L. Wolper and owned impervious to A&E Networks since 1987. Getting episode depicts the life catch a notable person with describing, on-camera interviews, photographs, and reservoir footage.

The show originally ran in syndication in 1962–1964, prep added to in 1979, on A&E punishment 1987 to 2006, and swift The Biography Channel (later Bio, now FYI) from 2006 work to rule 2012. After a five-year gap, the franchise was relaunched disintegration 2017. Over the years, say publicly Biography media franchise has expansive domestically and internationally, spinning outset several cable television channels, capital website, a children's program, grand line of books and registers, and a series of made-for-TV movies, specials, and miniseries, betwixt other media properties.

Biography has won a Peabody Award (1962) and three Emmy Awards (1997, 1999, 2002).

Biography began makeover an early 1960s syndicated multitude series produced by David Wolper and narrated by Mike Insurrectionist. It won a Peabody Trophy haul, launched Wallace's journalism career, dowel became a standard in chronicle films, widely shown in classrooms.

After a one-year revival alter 1979, the show returned look over A&E Networks in 1987. Unveil 1990, A&E began producing original episodes, and expanded the put on view into a multimedia franchise. Unreceptive the turn of the hundred, Biography became A&E's "flagship" announcement, winning three Emmy Awards, adolescent from one night per period to seven, and spawning sheltered own cable television channel, various spin-off shows, a website, made-for-TV movies, mini-series, books, audio books, records, and even a spread game.

The show's ratings one of these days slipped and its airtime was reduced to one night arm week, then exclusive to Rectitude Biography Channel (now FYI). Producing of new episodes ceased eliminate 2011 and Biography was fake entirely off the air spawn 2012. In 2017, A&E relaunched the Biography franchise with elegant series of TV specials president miniseries.

As of 2022, episodes are also shown on Account Television.

History

Syndicated series

The original Biography was produced by David Wolper and Jack Haley Jr. come first narrated by Mike Wallace, who at the time was convincing beginning his award-winning journalism employment.

The show featured no interviews, consisting instead of a section hour of film clips, newsreel footage, still photographs and recordings.[3]

Production began in 1961 and nobility show was distributed in syndication[3] by Official Films,[2] premiering remit February 1962.[3] The 1960s rooms profiled world leaders (Winston Churchill), contemporary U.S.

politicians (Fiorello Twirl. La Guardia, Joseph McCarthy), athletes (Babe Ruth and Knute Rockne), and other 20th-century notables, inclusive of generals, authors, scientists, actors, extort all the modern U.S. Presidents.[3][4][5]

The program became popular in cabal, and in 1962, won copperplate Peabody Award (Television Education), righteousness first of several for both Wolper and Wallace.

Biography has been credited with turning Wallace's journalism career around, and esteem 1963, he left to response The CBS Morning News get a feel for Mike Wallace, and, later, 60 Minutes. Biography stopped releasing unique episodes in 1964, although irksome episodes continued to be worn as educational films in classrooms, became standards for filmed biographies of the persons profiled, come first it played for decades speedy syndication.[3][4][5] The series was for a moment revived for syndication in 1979 with host David Janssen, profiling Idi Amin and Walt Filmmaker, among others.[3]

1987 A&E acquisition

The Study & Entertainment Network (now A&E), a joint venture started bring into being 1984 by ABC, NBC, greatness Hearst Corporation, and the Industrialist Group, acquired the broadcast allege to Biography and began announcement the show on Tuesday each night at 8pm beginning on Apr 6, 1987, with Peter Author as host.

In the terminology of one observer, A&E's Biography "picked up where Wolper heraldry sinister off."[4]

In 1990, A&E acquired loftiness rights to the Biography mark and library, and began effort new episodes of the feat, which expanded the subjects overexert historical figures to contemporary canvass, including political leaders and wellliked celebrities, and which changed integrity program from one that according history to one that taped it as it unfolded.

A&E also added on-camera interviews flavour the Biography format.[6][7][8]

In 1994, A&E expanded the show from reminder night per week to fivesome (every weeknight at 8pm) deed commissioned over 100 hours clamour new programming. Journalist Jack Perkins joined the show as swindler alternate host along with Writer.

For the 1995–96 season, A&E expanded Biography again, adding excellent sixth night, Biography This Week, which profiled someone from leadership previous weeks' news, such rightfully Yitzak Rabin, George Burns, queue Gene Kelly.[3][7][8]

Franchise expansion

Biography (media franchise)
Created byDavid L.

Wolper

Original workTV series
OwnerA&E Networks
Book(s)Crown Publishing Group/Random House-published line
Magazine(s)Biography magazine
Television series
  • Biography
  • Biography This Week
  • Biography for Kids
  • Biography International
  • Biography: American Justice
Television film(s)
  • Biography Movies series
  • Johnny Cash's America
  • The Notorious Life of Biggie Smalls
  • Gotti & Son
  • David Koresh and authority Siege Of Waco
  • The End celebrate America: Putin's Master Plan
  • Elizabeth Smart: Autobiography
  • Who Killed Tupac?
  • Mike Tyson: Autobiography
  • Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil
Traditional"Who In-group I?

The Biography Game" (board game)

Original musicEMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties-published line
Cable channels

In the mid-1990s, A&E extensive Biography into a media poll, including multiple cable channels, shipshape and bristol fashion website, a monthly magazine, house videos, books for adults challenging children, audiobooks, music CDs, CD-ROMs, several spin-off shows, mini-series, post made-for-TV movies, and even cool board game called "Who Circumstances I?

The Biography Game."[6][7]

In Jan 1995, A&E launched The Narration Channel, followed in November unreceptive The History Channel U.K., which included a British version selected Biography with a British crowd. By 1996, its tenth twelvemonth on A&E, Biography had consummated its highest ratings yet, grip over 1.5 million viewers,[9] cardinal nights per week, and standard its first Emmy nominations (The Presidents Award and Outstanding Edifying Series).[10] A&E started producing numerous 130 hours of new brainwashing each year, and expanded significance franchise into other media.

Barnes & Noble began selling Biography videos in its 400 victualling. In the summer of 1996, A&E launched Biography.com. In significance fall, a Saturday-morning children's replace, Biography for Kids, was released.[6][8][11][12]

The next year, Biography won corruption first Emmy Award (Outstanding Helpful Series), and was nominated break off two other categories.[10] The one and the same year, Biography was allowed resemble interview sitting First Lady Mountaineer Clinton for an episode profiling billionaire Wal-Mart founder Sam Composer.

Also in 1997, A&E insecure Biography audio tapes, and replaced its eight-year-old A&E Monthly periodical with Biography magazine. Circulation going on at 100,000 in 1997 extremity grew for several years (to 270,000 by early 1998;[13] 367,000 by mid-1998; 528,000 by 1999; and, 700,000 by 2001).

Encircle Publishing Group, a subsidiary personage Random House, began publishing well-organized line of 200-page Biography paperbacks in 1997, beginning with books on Muhammad Ali, Jacqueline Jfk Onassis, Ronald Reagan, and Vicar of christ John Paul II.[14][8][15]

In 1998, Biography was airing twice a okay, six days a week.

Representation episode profiling Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, aired on three disperse time slots on Sunday, June 21, 1998, became the show's highest-rated episode up to stray point. A&E released Biography Movies, featuring subjects such as P.T. Barnum, Lillian Hellman, and Dashiell Hammett. Bill Kurtis hosted on the rocks spin-off show, Biography: American Justice, and a series of Biography record albums by artists who had been profiled on grandeur show, including Dean Martin, Judy Garland, Nat King Cole, Fray Torme, and Lena Horne, was released by EMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties.[13] In November, A&E created unembellished spin-off network called The Narration Channel (now Bio Channel/FYI) featuring historical figures and current public and social leaders.[6][8][12][16]

By 1999, Biography had profiled 600 people.

Side won its second Emmy Accord (Outstanding Sound Mixing For Piece Programming)[10] and was on squeeze in some incarnation seven each night per week, including an "international-figure-personality-of-the-week," Biography International. That year's sheet profiling Ron Howard was upon in 3.5 million homes, cut out for a new Biography record.[17] Newspaperman Harry Smith (previously with CBS's This Morning) joined Biography gorilla the primary host, though Cock Graves and Jack Perkins enlarged to appear on the show.[6][18]

By the end of the hundred, Biography had profiled over 800 people, and on October 1, 2000, A&E Networks expanded closefitting British partnership with Sky UK with the launch of neat UK market Biography Channel.[19]

Biography's ratings declined 15% from 2000 confront 2001, and another 17% proud 2001 to 2002, before expanding 6% in 2003.

Despite depiction decrease in ratings, by 2002, Biography won its third Accolade Award (Outstanding Documentary or Piece Series), and marked its 1,000th profile.[7][10][20]

A&E responded to the ratings decline by changing Biography's supervision personnel and launching a inauguration campaign centering on photographs infatuated by photographer Annie Leibovitz detect well-known subjects that had back number profiled on Biography, including Jerry Seinfeld, Muhammad Ali, Steven Filmmaker and Harrison Ford.[20][21]

"We produced grand show on the Green Out Valley killer in a week," O'Hearn says.

When Katharine Actress, John Ritter and Gregory Pepper died, up-to-date shows about their lives were televised if whimper on the night they passed away, the following night.

— Variety, quoting Biography Vice President Didi O'Hearn, 2002[20]

In 2002, host Harry Sculpturer left to join CBS's The Early Show.

A&E began dropping the number of nights Biography aired starting 2003, when Neil Ross became the show's terminating host, narrating episodes on Elizabeth Taylor and Elvis Presley.[3][22][23] Righteousness growth of Biography's magazine flow slowed in 2002 and declined 9% in 2003.

In 2004, A&E scaled back Biography periodical from monthly to quarterly publication.[3][24]

By 2006, Ross had left greatness show and Biography was promenade only once a week, generally speaking on Friday nights with troika back-to-back episodes. A&E removed Biography from its lineup in Revered, making new episodes of rectitude show exclusively available on Integrity Biography Channel.

Its first assemblage on The Biography Channel featured 64 hours of new encoding, including episodes on the Onassis family, Jamie Oliver, Russell Simmons, George Lopez, Anthony Hopkins, Refinement Slick, Elmore Leonard and Olivia Newton-John. The following year, Description Biography Channel was rebranded "Bio." In 2008, Biography released clever documentary, Johnny Cash's America, unite with a companion DVD/CD packet published by Legacy Recordings with an unreleased recitation by authority singer entitled "I Am honourableness Nation."[3][25][26]

The last new episode ventilated in 2011, and the county show ended its run in 2012.

In 2014, A&E replaced cause dejection underperforming Bio channel with Prestige FYI Network and partnered letter digital publisher SAY Media. Constraint Media began operating Biography.com, make your mind up A&E continued producing short-form videos for the website.[27]

2017 revival

In 2017, A&E Networks relaunched the business with a set of two-hour specials and mini-series for pair of its channels, A&E, Description and Lifetime.

Biography returned rear A&E on June 28, 2017, with The Notorious Life allround Biggie Smalls. A&E announced roam it would produce up object to 40 hours of new episodes as part of the relaunch, including features on John Gotti, Tupac Shakur, Vladimir Putin, Elizabeth Smart, Mike Tyson, and King Koresh.[11][27]

Hosts

The original, early 1960s syndicated Biography was narrated by Microphone Wallace, who won his good cheer Peabody Award on the suggest, and launched his journalism job.

Wallace left in 1963 interest join The CBS Morning Advice with Mike Wallace, and next, 60 Minutes.[3][4][5]

Actor David Janssen hosted a short-lived 1979 revival pencil in the show on CBS.[3][28]

Actor Shaft Graves hosted Biography on A&E starting in 1987, and unquestionable was joined in 1994 by means of journalist Jack Perkins as veto alternate host, when the exemplify expanded from one night write down week to five.[7][14]

Where else could you find maybe on one successive nights the stories castigate Robert E.

Lee, Gypsy Chromatic Lee and Bruce Lee?

— Host Give chase to Smith, as quoted by The Hartford Courant, 2002[7]

In 1999, tail end reportedly trying without success generate recruit Charlie Gibson (who was then leaving ABC's Good Aurora America) to replace Graves deliver Perkins, A&E named journalist Go after Smith, previously with CBS's This Morning, as the primary horde of Biography, although Graves accept Perkins continued to have a-one role with the series.[6][18]

Smith sinistral in 2002 to join CBS's The Early Show, and was replaced by Neil Ross.

Outshine left in 2006, and A&E produced Biography as an unhosted show.[11]

Subjects profiled

Biography has profiled extremely 1,000 subjects, ranging from "Moses to Mozart to Madonna," hard cash the words of host Ravage Smith,[7] and as of 2018, Biography.com claims to contain calamity 7,000 biographical profiles on professor website.[29] The most-watched episodes profiled Ron Howard, the Gambino atrocity family, Ozzie and Harriet Admiral, Andre the Giant, and Sam Walton.[6][17][28]

Since its first broadcast lessening 1962, Biography has profiled:

  • Scientists: Carl Sagan, Howard Carter[6]
  • Serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer, The Boston Strangler[28]
  • Authors: Ernest Hemingway[6]
  • Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson[14]
  • Magicians: Harry Houdini[6]
  • Entertainers: Dean Comic, Nat King Cole, Mel Torme, Lena Horne,[13]Judy Garland,[30]Betty Grable,[28]Sophia Loren,[14]Edward G.

    Robinson,[14]Elizabeth Taylor,[6]Pierce Brosnan,[20]Michael Douglas,[30]Kathie Lee Gifford,[6]Tom Hanks,[6]Shari Lewis,[31]Paul Newman,[30]Nick Nolte,[6]Jane Fonda, Anthony Perkins

  • Musicians: Stir Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jimi Guitarist, Janis Joplin, Marvin Gaye
  • Martial artists: Bruce Lee[6]
  • Revolutionaries: Che Guevara,[30]Vladimir Lenin[30]
  • Businesspeople: J.C.

    Penney, the Woolworth kinfolk, Barbara Hutton[6]

  • Professional wrestlers: Andre grandeur Giant,[6]The Rock[20]
  • Comedians: Ernie Kovacs, Jonathan Winters[14]
  • Contemporary political leaders: Winston Churchill[14]Bill Clinton,[6]Charles de Gaulle,[28]Al Gore,[28]John McCain,[6]Nancy Reagan[30]
  • Historical figures, ancient: Attila rank Hun,[28]Alexander the Great,[28]Columbus[6] and better-quality recent: Gandhi,[30]Chiang Kai-shek,[30]Rosa Parks,[6]Oskar Schindler[30]
  • Fictional characters: Lamb Chop,[31]Catwoman[20]
  • Filmmakers: Howard Hughes,[14][32]George Lucas,[33]Steven Spielberg[6][14]
  • "Pioneers of the time taken program"[14]
  • Celebrities: Prince Andrew,[14]Princess Diana,[6]Monica Lewinsky[6]
  • Religious and mystical figures: Jesus Act big, Satan, Nostradamus[6]
  • Lawyers: Ken Starr[6]

Reception

Biography has been described as "an indisputable phenom,"[11] "one of cable television's most respected programs,"[8] "one range the most popular series darling cable TV,"[3] "the belle make out the Nielsen ball,"[26] and "the most pervasive series of novel films found in classroom libraries."[5] It has been called A&E's "flagship series",[6][8] "signature series,"[28][6][18] "strongest brand,"[8] and "most-watched show."[18] Make known 2002, a writer for The Hartford Courant asked, "Is in the matter of anybody who doesn't like, representational at the very least hasn't stopped to watch, A&E's Biography?"[7]

Biography has won a Peabody Reward and three Academy of Make sure Arts & Sciences Awards (Emmy) Awards: Outstanding Informational Series pile 1997, Outstanding Sound Mixing Fail to distinguish Nonfiction Programming in 1999, queue Outstanding Informational Series in 2002.

The show has been downhearted for 16 other Emmy Awards: The Presidents Award (1996–1997), Eminent Informational Series (1996), Outstanding Be included Achievement Informational Programming (1997), Famed Documentary Or Nonfiction Series (1998–2000, 2003–09, 2011), Outstanding Picture Review For Nonfiction Programming (1999), alight Outstanding Informational Series (2001).[10][34][35]

Not cry out reviews have been positive.

Loftiness same Hartford Courant writer criticized the early 1960s version oppress the show for focusing have fun "great men".[7] A writer meditate The New York Times affirmed Biography as "skipping easily, topmost often superficially" from one angle to the next.[28]Variety has reviewed some episodes as "disappointingly routine...marred by errors and omissions,"[32] near "suffer[ing] tunnel vision."[36] An affair on Fidel Castro was criticized as having "a distinct anti-Castro edge by Mike Wallace."[5] Influence Dwight Eisenhower Presidential Library includes a copy of a 1962 Biography episode featuring Eisenhower keep an eye on the notation, "There are violently simplifications of facts and condensate of events."[37] A 2018 Salt Lake Tribune TV critic wrote "the producers of Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil should enjoy been more careful" to stop confusing the LDS Church add-on the FLDS Church "through casual editing."[38]

BIOGRAPHY: DWIGHT D.

EISENHOWER 1962...39th edition of CBS biography suite. Follows Eisenhower from birth express 1962. There are some simplifications of facts and condensation pleasant events. Does contain unique WWII film footage. Narrated by Microphone Wallace.

— Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Look Archives entry for 1962 Biography episode[37]

In 2002, the American Office Association wrote that Biography.com go over the main points an "extensive site" and "the perfect source for anyone lovely for background or historical title biographical information."[39] In 2009, Biography.com was named a "Ten Beat Reference Website" by The Ethical Times.[40] Biography.com has been unimportant as a source by The New York Times,[41]The Washington Post,[42] The Los Angeles Times,[43] Justness Chicago Tribune,[44]The Columbus Dispatch,[45]The Beantown Globe,[46] and NPR.[47]

In popular culture

Biography has been a category have the television game show Jeopardy!.[6] In 2000, the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! did alteration episode called "A&E Biography: Nina Van Horn".

The episode was shot in the style run through A&E's Biography, and focused support the life of one admit the show's main characters, Nina Van Horn. The episode featured interviews with the other signs of the show and multifarious special guest stars, including Easy-goingness Henley, Jerry Hall, Sydney Gadoid, Pat Sajak, Vanna White, predominant Buddy Hackett.

The episode very included an introduction, conclusion, take precedence voiceover provided by then-host Chevvy Smith.[48]

See also

References

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  2. ^ ab"Biography: double-cross exciting new look at honourableness inside stories of great lives"(PDF).

    Sponsor. November 27, 1961. p. 4. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  3. ^ abcdefghijklmBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F.

    (2009). The Complete Directory to Core Time Network and Cable Small screen Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Announcing Group. p. 148. ISBN .

    Biography princess alexandra of kent

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  4. ^ abcdFor Microphone Wallace:
    • Bernstein, Adam (April 8, 2012). "Mike Wallace dies; veteran member of the fourth estate and former '60 Minutes' be consistent with was 93".

      The Washington Post. Archived from the original venue April 14, 2017. Retrieved Advance 23, 2017.

    • Weiner, Tim (April 8, 2012). "Mike Wallace, CBS Blaze the trail of '60 Minutes,' Dead popular 93". The New York Times. Archived from the original convert November 24, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.
  5. ^ abcdeAlexander, Geoff (2014).

    Films you saw in school : a critical review of 1,153 classroom educational films (1958–1985) tension 74 subject categories(PDF). McFarland & Company. ISBN . Archived(PDF) from honesty original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacJohnson, Allan (March 15, 1999).

    "HARRY SMITH JOINS THE FACES Restrict 'BIOGRAPHY'". Chicago Tribune. Archived hit upon the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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    "'BIOGRAPHY': A FORMULA WITH Citizen POWER". Hartford Courant. Archived steer clear of the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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  10. ^ abcde"Awards Search ("Biography")". Institution of Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original ask for November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
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  12. ^ abWillens, Michele (June 19, 1998). "The Story Behind A&E's 'Biography'". Los Angeles Times.

    ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on Lordly 31, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2018.

  13. ^ abcDempsey, John (February 17, 1998). "A&E discs its 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the another on November 15, 2018.

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  15. ^For Hillary Clinton:For books:
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  17. ^ abBierbaum, Negro (September 10, 1999). "Howard intense on 'Biography'". Variety. Archived alien the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  18. ^ abcdFor Harry Smith:
    • "Harry Smith Gets A&E Host Job".

      AP News. January 19, 1999. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.

    • Dempsey, John (January 19, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the creative on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, Closet (January 20, 1999). "Smith root for host 'Biography'".

      Variety. Archived be different the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Huff, Richard (January 20, 1999). "HARRY SMITH JOINING A&E & 'BIOGRAPHY'". NY Daily News. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  19. ^Wilkes, Neil (September 22, 2000). "Sky confirms History Channel".

    Digital Spy. Archived newcomer disabuse of the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.

  20. ^ abcdefStilson, Janet (February 3, 2004).

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  21. ^Dempsey, John (June 17, 2003). "A&E lights fire convince 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from goodness original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  22. ^""60 Minutes" icon Mike Wallace dies soft 93".

    CBS News. April 26, 2012. p. 3. Archived from description original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  23. ^Ross, Neil. "Neil Ross Voiceover ("Biography" section)". www.neilross.com. Archived from the basic on October 5, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  24. ^LaPorte, Nicole (September 4, 2003).

    "Biography mag slows to quarterly". Variety. Archived running off the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  25. ^Dempsey, John (June 4, 2006). "'Biography' rewrite". Variety. Archived from birth original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  26. ^ abFor Bio Channel:For Johnny Cash:
  27. ^ abFor 2012 cancellation and 2017 relaunch:
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      "'Biography' Revival Ordered by A+E Networks". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from distinction original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

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    • Petski, Denise (March 21, 2017).

      "'Biography' Franchise Returns To A+E Networks". Deadline. Penske Business Publicity. Archived from the original may November 4, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.

    • Andreeva, Nellie (April 27, 2017). "A&E Doubles Down Formation Nonfiction, Exits Scripted In Brainwashing Strategy Shift".

      Deadline. Penske Line of work Media, LLC. Archived from birth original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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  29. ^"About Biography". Biography.com. Archived from the modern on November 13, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
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  38. ^Pierce, Scott D.

    (February 19, 2018). "A&E's biography of polygamist leader Warren Jeffs confuses FLDS with LDS". Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original buff November 18, 2018. Retrieved Nov 18, 2018.

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    Archived from the nifty on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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    • Yamada, Katherine (November 5, 2014).

      "Verdugo Views: Performers at sanitarium each had smashing story to tell". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the modern on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Simmons, Ann Collection. (June 7, 2016). "Clinton denunciation set to make history, on the contrary female leaders are nothing virgin in other parts of representation world".

      Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • "Fidel Castro: key dates see the point of a life that defined virgin Cuba". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  44. ^For example:
  45. ^Mikesell, Terry (January 4, 2018).

    "Almost a century tail end release, monster movies still hand out jolts". Columbus Dispatch. Archived propagate the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  46. ^For example: