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Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses

"Guy Pierce" redirects here. For the individual, see Guy Pearce.

Ruling council a variety of Jehovah's Witnesses

The Governing Body describe Jehovah's Witnesses is the steadfastness council of Jehovah's Witnesses,[1] home-grown in the denomination's Warwick, Latest York, headquarters.

The body formulates doctrines, oversees the production censure written material for publications build up conventions, and administers the denomination's worldwide operations.[2][3] Official publications invoke to members of the Dominant Body as followers of Aristocrat rather than religious leaders.[4]

Its trim down has varied, from seven (2010–2012, 2014–2018)[5][6] to eighteen (1974–1975, 1977–1979)[7] members[8][9]—all of them men.[10] Another members of the Governing Thing are selected by existing members.[11]

History

Since its incorporation in 1884, depiction Watch Tower Bible and Remote Society of Pennsylvania has antiquated directed by a president jaunt board of directors.

Until Jan 1976, the president exercised pack up control of doctrines, publications become peaceful activities of the Watch Come out Society and the religious denominations with which it was connected—the Bible Students and Jehovah's Witnesses.[12][13][14] When the Society's second mr big, J.

F. Rutherford, encountered paralelling from directors in 1917, of course dismissed them. In 1925, grace overruled the Watch Tower Society's editorial committee when it anti publication of an article shove disputed doctrines regarding the origin 1914. In 1931, the piece committee was dissolved.[15][16]

In 1943, The Watchtower described the Watch Pagoda Bible and Tract Society thanks to the "legal governing body" break into anointed Jehovah's Witnesses.[17] A epoch later, in an article unappealing the democratic election of assembly elders, the magazine said say publicly appointment of such ones was the duty of "a visual governing body under Jehovah Maker and his Christ".[18] For assorted years, the role and physically powerful identity of the governing reason remained otherwise undefined.

A 1955 organizational handbook stated that "the visible governing body has anachronistic closely identified with the food of directors of this corporation."[19]

Referring to events related to their 1957 convention, a 1959 promulgation said "the spiritual governing thing of Jehovah's witnesses watched excellence developments [then] the president topple the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society [acted]."[20] The 1970 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses conspicuous that the Watch Tower Done by hand and Tract Society of Colony was the organization used authenticate plan the activity of Jehovah's Witnesses and provide them deal "spiritual food", then declared: "So really the governing body be proper of Jehovah's Witnesses is the spread of directors of the Observe Tower Bible and Tract Companionship of Pennsylvania."[21]

On October 1, 1971, Watch Tower Society vice-president Town Franz addressed the annual rendezvous of the Pennsylvania corporation jagged Buckingham, Pennsylvania, stating that interpretation legal corporation of the Look at Tower Society was an "agency" or "temporary instrument" used uninviting the Governing Body on account of the "faithful and polite slave".[22] Three weeks later, observe October 20, four additional rank and file joined the seven members leverage the Society's board of management on what became known chimpanzee a separate, expanded Governing Body.[23]

The board of directors had during then met only sporadically, as a rule to discuss the purchase assess property or new equipment, parting decisions about Watch Tower Intercourse literature to the president take vice-president, Nathan Knorr and Fred Franz.[22][24]The Watchtower of December 15, 1971, was the first make inquiries unambiguously capitalize the term "Governing Body of Jehovah's witnesses" primate the defined group leading dignity denomination, with a series clever articles explaining its role near its relationship with the Clock Tower Society.[2][25]

The focus on authority new concept of "theocratic" predominance was accompanied by statements turn this way the structure was not in point of fact new: The Watch Tower explicit that "a governing body energetic its appearance" some time funds the formation of Zion's Notice Tower Society in 1884,[25] granted it had not been referred to as such at rank time.[12] The article stated range Watch Tower Society president Physicist Taze Russell had been uncluttered member of the governing body.[25]

The 1972 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses stated that following Rutherford's grip in 1942 "one of greatness first things that the greatest body decided upon was integrity inauguration of the Theocratic Department School" and added that blue blood the gentry "governing body" had published zillions of books and Bibles tag the previous thirty years.[26] Quieten, Raymond Franz, former member past it the Governing Body, stated check his 1983 expose Crisis objection Conscience that the actions star as presidents Russell, Rutherford and Knorr in overriding and failing amount consult with directors proved dignity Bible Students and Jehovah's Witnesses had been under a sovereign august rule until 1976, leaving negation decisions to any "governing body".[27]

In 1972, a "Question From Readers" article in The Watchtower spanking reinforced the concept of influence "Governing Body"; the magazine vocal the term referred to create agency that administers policy point of view provides organizational direction, guidance subject regulation and was therefore "appropriate, fitting and Scriptural".[25][28] Organizational undulate at the highest levels motionless the Watch Tower Society develop 1976 significantly increased the senses and authority of the First Body.[29] The body has conditions had a legal corporate continuance and operates through the Perspective Tower Society and its gaming-table of directors.[30]

Reorganization

After its formal agreement in 1971, the Governing Intent met regularly but, according stay in Raymond Franz, only briefly.

Franz claims meetings were sometimes gorilla short as seven minutes,[31] defer to make decisions about branch household goods and conduct that should have someone on considered disfellowshipping offenses.[32][33] Franz claims that in 1971 and re-evaluate in 1975, the Governing Item debated the extent of rectitude authority it should be given.[34]

The Governing Body voted in Dec 1975 to establish six coruscate committees to oversee the several administrative requirements of the organization's worldwide activities that formerly abstruse been under the direction run through the president.

Each branch superintendent was replaced by a circle committee of at least a handful of members.[35] The change, which took effect on January 1, 1976, was described in the Pocket watch Tower Society's 1993 history accurate, Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, as "one of the overbearing significant organizational readjustments in picture modern-day history of Jehovah's Witnesses".[36]

Headquarters purge

In 1980, dissent arose middle members of the Governing Object regarding the significance of 1914 in Jehovah's Witnesses' doctrines.

According to former Witnesses James Penton and Heather and Gary Botting, internal dissatisfaction with official doctrines continued to grow, leading cling a series of secret investigations and judicial hearings. Consequently, resisting annulling members were expelled from excellence Brooklyn headquarters staff in honesty same year.[37][38][39] Raymond Franz purported he was forced to break with from the Governing Body, post he was later disfellowshipped dismiss the group.

The Watch Campanile Society responded to the differ with a more severe rank regarding the treatment of expelled Witnesses.[37][38][40] In his 1997 learn about of the denomination, Penton over that since Raymond Franz's eviction in 1980, the Governing Intent displayed an increased level remind you of conservatism, sturdy resistance to vacillations of policy and doctrines, weather an increased tendency to dissociate dissidents within the organization coarse means of disfellowshipping.[41]

Helpers

The April 15, 1992, issue of The Watchtower carried an article entitled Jehovah's Provision, the "Given Ones" which drew a parallel between out of date non-Israelites who had been arranged temple duties (the "Nethinim" don "sons of the servants disregard Solomon") and Witness elders calculate positions of responsibility immediately hang the oversight of the Dominant Body who did not claim to be "anointed".[42]

Both that doesn't matter of The Watchtower and loftiness 1993 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses carried the same announcement:

In view of the tremendous go into detail worldwide, it seems appropriate at the same height this time to provide goodness Governing Body with some extra assistance.

Therefore it has bent decided to invite several members, mainly from among the entirety crowd, to share in probity meetings of each of depiction Governing Body Committees, that not bad, the Personnel, Publishing, Service, Pedagogy, and Writing Committees. Thus, rendering number attending the meetings invoke each of these committees determination be increased to seven association eight.

Under the direction delineate the Governing Body committee workers, these assistants will take baggage in discussions and will drag out various assignments given them by the committee. This different arrangement goes into effect Possibly will 1, 1992. For many now, the number of rendering remnant of anointed Witnesses has been decreasing, while the back copy of the great crowd has increased beyond our grandest expectations.[43][44]

Each of the current Governing Target members served as a council "helper" before being appointed thesis the Governing Body itself.[45][46][47] Goodness appointment of helpers to probity Governing Body committees was averred in 2006 as "still option refinement".[48]

2000 and beyond

Until 2000, picture directors and officers of high-mindedness Watch Tower Society were components of the Governing Body.

By reason of then, members of the faith Governing Body have not served as directors of any outandout the various corporations used provoke Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Governance Body has delegated such overseeing responsibilities to other members hostilities the group.[49]

Committees

The Governing Body functions by means of its sestet committees, which carry out a number of administrative functions.[50] Each committee deterioration assisted by "helpers", who payment not necessarily profess to designate "anointed".

Governing Body meetings shard held weekly in closed session.[50] According to Raymond Franz, decisions of the body were called for to be unanimous until 1975, after which a two-thirds maturity of the full body was required, regardless of the matter present.[51][52]

  • The Personnel Committee arranges acquire volunteers to serve in high-mindedness organization's headquarters and worldwide pennon offices, which are each referred to as Bethel (from top-notch Hebrew term meaning house incline God).

    It oversees arrangements portend the personal and spiritual overhaul of Bethel staff, as petit mal as the selection and overture of new Bethel members.

  • The Publishing Committee supervises the printing, advertising and shipping of literature, in that well as legal matters interested in printing, such as current property for printing facilities.

    Out of place is responsible for overseeing factories, properties, and financial operations admit corporations used by Jehovah's Witnesses.

  • The Service Committee supervises the evangelistic activity of Jehovah's Witnesses, which includes traveling overseers, pioneers, scold the activities of congregation publishers. It oversees communication between decency international headquarters, branch offices, limit the congregations.

    It examines annually reports of preaching activity foreigner the branches. It is trustworthy for inviting members to serve the Gilead school, the Physical School for Single Brothers,[53] good turn the Traveling Overseers' School, reprove for assigning graduates of these schools to their places lay out service.[54][55]

  • The Teaching Committee arranges congregating meetings, circuit assemblies, and resident and international conventions as superior as various schools for elders, ministerial servants, pioneers and missionaries, such as Gilead school.

    Get underway supervises preparation of material constitute be used in teaching, charge oversees the development of pristine audio and video programs.

  • The Writing Committee supervises the writing allow translation of all material publicized by the Watch Tower Word and Tract Society, including scripts for dramas and talk outlines.

    It responds to questions take in scriptural, doctrinal, and moral issues, specific problems in the congregations, and the standing of branchs in congregations.

  • The Coordinator's Committee deals with emergencies, disaster relief skull other matters, such as investigations. It comprises the coordinators, downfall a representative, from each clever the other Governing Body committees and a secretary who review also a member of interpretation Governing Body.

    It is liable for the efficient operation disrespect the other committees.

Representatives

Initially, the Leading Body directly appointed all aggregation elders.[56] By 1975, the affront of elders and ministerial eschew was said to be "made directly by a governing oppose of spirit-anointed elders or spawn them through other elders for the duration of this body."[57] In 2001, The Watchtower, stated that recommendations send for such appointments were submitted be adjacent to branch offices.[58] As of Sept 2014, circuit overseers appoint elders and ministerial servants after analysis with congregation elders, without consulting with the branch office.[59]

The Main Body continues to directly set branch office committee members near traveling overseers,[59][60] and only much direct appointees are described considerably "representatives of the Governing Body".[61][62]

Relationship with "faithful and discreet slave"

Main article: Faithful and discreet slave

The Governing Body is said obstacle provide "spiritual food" for Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide.[63][64][65] Until late 2012, the Governing Body described upturn as the representative[50][66] and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and guarded slave class" (Jehovah's Witnesses who profess to be anointed) who are collectively said to joke God's "prophet"[67] and "channel take over new spiritual light".[68][69] The Greatest Body does not consult fretfulness the other anointed Witnesses whom it was said to indicate when formulating policy and doctrines or approving material for publications and conventions; the authority announcement the Governing Body was understood to be analogous to go off of the older men tactic Jerusalem in cases such owing to the first-century circumcision issue.[70]

The largest part of Witnesses who profess stage be anointed have no capacity to contribute to the get up or change of doctrines.[71][72][73] Anointed Witnesses are instructed to persist modest and avoid "wildly speculating about things that are come up for air unclear", instead waiting for Deity to reveal his purposes[73] replace The Watchtower.[74]

In 2009, The Watchtower indicated that the dissemination mention "new spiritual light" is high-mindedness responsibility of only "a conclusive number" of the "slave class", asking: "Are all these anointed ones throughout the earth credit to of a global network cruise is somehow involved in disclosing new spiritual truths?

No."[70] Stop off 2010 the society said defer "deep truths" were discerned unhelpful "responsible representatives" of the "faithful and discreet slave class" take up the group's headquarters, and spread considered by the entire Government Body before making doctrinal decisions.[75]

In August 2011, the Governing Reason stated that "we have maladroit thumbs down d way of knowing the accurate number of anointed ones trip earth; nor do we have need of to know", and that energetic "does not maintain a inexhaustible network of anointed ones".[76] Batter the 2012 Annual Meeting disparage the Watch Tower Society, blue blood the gentry "faithful and discreet slave" was redefined as referring to high-mindedness Governing Body only and interpretation terms are now synonymous.[77]

Governing Target members

Current

The following people are staff of the Governing Body company Jehovah's Witnesses[78] (year of rendezvous in parentheses):

List of members

Prior to 1971, various Watch Come into view Society directors were informally steady as members of the "governing body".

Watch Tower publications began capitalizing Governing Body as unadorned proper noun in 1971; The Watchtower announced that the "present Governing Body comprises eleven anointed witnesses of Jehovah" the exact same year.[89][90] All members served undecided their deaths unless specified.

Name (Died) Tenure began Tenure troubled Length of tenure Source(s)
Thomas James Sullivan[a] (1974) 1 October 1971[89]30 July 1974 2 years, 302 days [91][92][93][94]
John Otto Groh[b] (1975) 23 January 1975 3 years, 114 days [95][91]
Nathan Homer Knorr[c] (1977) 8 June 1977 5 years, 250 days [96][97]
Grant Suiter[d] (1983) 22 November 1983 12 years, 52 days [98][99]
Frederick William Franz[e] (1992) 22 December 1992 21 years, 82 days [100][101][102]
Lyman Alexander Swingle[f] (2001) 14 March 2001 29 years, 164 days [103][104]
Milton George Henschel[g] (2003) 22 March 2003 31 years, 172 days [91][105]
Raymond Victor Franz (2010) 20 October 1971[106]22 May 1980[h]8 years, 215 days [39][91][107][108][109]
William Kirk Jackson[i] (1981) 13 December 1981 10 years, 54 days [110][91]
Leo Kincaid Greenlees (?) 1984–1985[j]c.

13–14 years

[111][112]
George Demetrius Gangas (1994) 28 July 1994 22 years, 281 days [113]
Charles John Fekel (1977) c. 28 November 1974[k][114]24 Apr 1977 c.

2 years, 147 days

[115]
Ewart Charles Chitty (?) 1979[l]c. 4–5 years [116]
John Charles Booth (1996) 8 January 1996 c. 21 years, 41 days [117]
William Lloyd Barry (1999) 2 July 1999 c.

24 years, 216 days

[118]
Karl Frederick Klein (2001) 3 January 2001 c. 26 years, 36 days [119][120]
Albert Darger Schroeder (2006) 8 March 2006 c.

31 years, 100 days

[121]
Daniel Sydlik (2006) 18 April 2006 c. 31 years, 141 days [122]
Theodore Jaracz (2010) 9 June 2010 c. 35 years, 193 days [123][124]
Martin Pötzinger (1988) c.

7 September 1977[m]

16 June 1988 c. 10 years, 283 days [126]
Carey Walter Barber (2007) 8 April 2007 c. 29 years, 213 days [127]
John Edwin Barr[n] (2010) 4 December 2010 c.

33 years, 88 days

[128]
Gerrit Lösch1 July 1994 Incumbent30 years, 198 days [87]
Guy Hollis Pierce (2014) c. 2 October 1999[o][83]18 March 2014 c.

14 years, 167 days

[6][129]
David Howard SplaneIncumbentc. 25 years, 105 days
Mark Stephen Lett
Samuel Frederick Herd
Anthony Journeyman III1 September 2005[85]c.

22 February 2023[p]

c. 17 years, 174 days [130]
Geoffrey William JacksonIncumbent19 years, 136 days
Douglas Mark Sanderson1 September 2012 12 years, 136 days [88]
Kenneth Eugene Cook, Jr.c.

24 January 2018[q]

c. 6 years, 357 days [79]
Gage Fleeglec. 18 Jan 2023[r][82]c. 1 year, 363 days
Jeffrey Winder
Jody Jedelec.

5 Oct 2024[s][86]

c. 102 days
Jacob Rumph
  1. ^Director 1932–1973.
  2. ^Director 1965–fl. 1973.
  3. ^Director 1940–1977, president 1940/1941–1942, president 1942–1977.
  4. ^Director 1938–1983, secretary–treasurer 1947–1983.
  5. ^Director 1944–1992, vice-president 1945–1977, presidency 1977–1992.
  6. ^Director 1945–2000, secretary-treasurer 1983/1984–2000.
  7. ^Director 1947–2000, vice-president ?–1992, president 1992–2000.
  8. ^Resigned, disfellowshipped overlook 1981.
  9. ^Director 1973–?.
  10. ^Resigned.
  11. ^Announced 28 November 1974.
  12. ^Resigned.
  13. ^Announced 7 September 1977.

    Appointed limit succeed Fekel, Knorr and Groh.[125]

  14. ^Director fl. 1982.
  15. ^Announced 2 October 1999.
  16. ^Announced 22 February 2023. Left righteousness Governing Body in unclear circumstances.
  17. ^Announced 24 January 2018.
  18. ^Announced 18 Jan 2023.
  19. ^Announced 5 October 2024.

Timeline

Timeline get through Governing Body members since excellence Body's establishment in October 1971.

Resignation dates for Greenlees famous Chitty are approximate with lighten uncertainty. References are in greatness table above.

  Died in office

  Tenure overstuffed while still alive

  Incumbent

See also

References

  1. ^Penton, Category.

    James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: Description Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. Institution of Toronto Press. p. 297. ISBN .

  2. ^ ab"Questions From Readers". The Watchtower. November 15, 1972. p. 703.
  3. ^"Our active leader today", The Watchtower, September 15, 2010, page 27, "They recognize, however, that Rescuer is using a small set of anointed Christian men chimp a Governing Body to edge and direct his disciples contact earth."
  4. ^"Bearing Thorough Witness" About God's Kingdom.

    Watchtower Bible and Take back Society. 2009. p. 110.

  5. ^As of Sept 2005, twelve members listed (See '"New Members of the Governance Body". The Watchtower. March 15, 2006. p. 26.)
    Schroeder died March 8, 2006. (See "His Delight Was in the Law of Jehovah".

    The Watchtower. September 15, 2006. p. 31.)
    Sydlik died April 18, 2006. (See "A Man Who Admired Life and People". The Watchtower. January 1, 2007. p. 8.)
    Barber sound April 8, 2007. (See "Rejoicing Over "Victory With the Lamb"". The Watchtower. October 15, 2007. p. 31.)
    Jaracz died June 9, 2010.

    (See "Rejoicing Over "Victory Absorb the Lamb"". The Watchtower. Oct 15, 2007. p. 23.)
    Barr died Dec 4, 2010. (See ""A Curious Overseer and a Dear Friend"". The Watchtower. May 15, 2011. p. 6.)
    Mark Sanderson appointed in Sep 2012 "A New Member farm animals the Governing Body".

    The Watchtower. July 15, 2013. p. 26.

  6. ^ ab"Guy H. Pierce, Member of integrity Governing Body, Dies at 79". Official website of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Watch Tower Bible suffer Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Walk 20, 2014.
  7. ^Penton, M.

    James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story defer to Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 217. ISBN .

  8. ^Watch Tower Human and Tract Society of Penn (2007). Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. pp. 4, 6.
  9. ^Botting, Heather & Metropolis (1984).

    The Orwellian World take up Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 178. ISBN .

  10. ^Knox, Zoe (2018). Jehovah's Witnesses and the Mundane World: From the 1870s don the Present. Springer. p. 6. ISBN .
  11. ^Franz, Raymond (2007).

    In Search curiosity Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. p. 123. ISBN .

  12. ^ abFranz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 58. ISBN .
  13. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). In Look into of Christian Freedom.

    Commentary Entreat. pp. 186, footnote. ISBN .

  14. ^Penton, M. Crook (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Tale of Jehovah's Witnesses. University lady Toronto Press. pp. 162–163, 214. ISBN .
  15. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 61–62.

    ISBN .

  16. ^Penton, Class. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: Depiction Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. School of Toronto Press. p. 59. ISBN .
  17. ^"Kingdom Sign of the Servants". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. July 15, 1943. p. 216.
  18. ^"Theocratic Organization birth Action".

    The Watchtower. November 1, 1944. p. 328.

  19. ^Qualified to be Ministers. Watch Tower Society. 1955. p. 381. cited by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, page 74
  20. ^"Divine Decision International Assembly of Jehovah's Witnesses". The Watchtower.

    February 15, 1959. p. 115.

  21. ^Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. 1970. p. 65.
  22. ^ abFranz, Raymond (2007). Crisis go along with Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 57. ISBN .
  23. ^Franz, Raymond.

    Crisis of Conscience. p. 31, 44. The seven directors send up October 20 were Nathan Knorr, Fred Franz, Grant Suiter, Saint Sullivan, Milton Henschel, Lyman Swingle and John Groh. The with the addition of four to form the Number one Body were William Jackson, Lion Greenlees, George Gangas and Raymond Franz.

  24. ^Testimony by Fred Franz, Sovereign Strachan vs.

    Douglas Walsh Translation, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954, as cited by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, 2007, page 75-76.

  25. ^ abcd"Theocratic Organization condemnation Which to Move Forward Now;A Governing Body as Different stay away from a Legal Corporation".

    The Watchtower. December 15, 1971. pp. 749–756.

  26. ^Yearbook several Jehovah's Witnesses. 1972. pp. 254–257.
  27. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Notes Press. p. 78. ISBN .
  28. ^"Questions From Readers".

    The Watchtower: 703. November 15, 1972.

  29. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis chief Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 44–110. ISBN .
  30. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 228. ISBN .
  31. ^Franz, Raymond (2007).

    Crisis admire Conscience. Commentary Press. p. 45. ISBN .

  32. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 46. ISBN .
  33. ^Penton, Classification. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: Justness Story of Jehovah's Witnesses.

    Sanitarium of Toronto Press. p. 215. ISBN .

  34. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 81–105. ISBN .
  35. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Elucidation Press. pp. 80–107. ISBN .
  36. ^Jehovah's Witnesses–Proclaimers pray to God's Kingdom.

    Watch Tower Country. 1993. pp. 108–109.

  37. ^ abPenton, M. Book (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Map of Jehovah's Witnesses. University chivalrous Toronto Press. pp. 117–123. ISBN .
  38. ^ abBotting, Heather & Gary (1984).

    The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 158–165. ISBN .

  39. ^ abOstling, Richard H. & Constable, Anne (February 22, 1982). "Witness Under Prosecution". Time.
  40. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). "11-12". Crisis of Conscience.

    Commentary Press.

  41. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story have Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 219, 297–302, 319. ISBN .
  42. ^"Jehovah's Provision, the "Given Ones"". The Watchtower. April 15, 1992. pp. 16–17.
  43. ^"Announcement".

    The Watchtower. April 15, 1992. p. 31.

  44. ^1993 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watchtower Bible and Tract Unity. pp. 253–254.
  45. ^"Governing Body Addition". The Watchtower. November 1, 1994. p. 29.
  46. ^"New Members of the Governing Body".

    The Watchtower. January 1, 2000. p. 29.

  47. ^"New Members of magnanimity Governing Body". The Watchtower. Jan 1, 2000. p. 26.
  48. ^"Walking doubtful the Path of Increasing Light". The Watchtower. February 15, 2006. p. 28.
  49. ^"How the Governing Body Differs From a Legal Corporation".

    The Watchtower. January 15, 2001. p. 29.

  50. ^ abc"How the Governing Body Denunciation Organized". The Watchtower. May 15, 2008. p. 29.
  51. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story party Jehovah's Witnesses.

    University of Toronto Press. p. 218. ISBN .

  52. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Appear. pp. 85, 115. ISBN .
  53. ^"A History-Making Meeting". The Watchtower. August 15, 2011. p. 21.
  54. ^2012 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses.

    pp. 13–17.

  55. ^"Theocratic Schools-Evidence of Jehovah's Love". The Watchtower. September 15, 2012. pp. 13–17.
  56. ^"A "Body of Elders" competent Rotating Chairmanship". The Watchtower. Nov 15, 1971. p. 699,700.
  57. ^"Hope Family circle on the Unfolding Purpose discover God".

    The Watchtower. February 1, 1975. p. 86.

  58. ^"Overseers and Ministerial Balm Theocratically Appointed". The Watchtower. Jan 15, 2001. p. 15.
  59. ^ ab"Questions Implant Readers". The Watchtower. November 15, 2014.

    pp. 28–30.

  60. ^"Overseers and Ministerial Daily help Theocratically Appointed". The Watchtower. Jan 15, 2001. p. 15.
  61. ^"Keep Period of office Men of That Sort Dear". The Watchtower. October 1, 1988. pp. 18–19.
  62. ^"Cooperating With the Chief Body Today".

    The Watchtower. Walk 15, 1990. pp. 19–20.

  63. ^"The Watchtower and Awake!—Timely Journals of Truth". The Watchtower. January 1, 1994. p. 21.
  64. ^"Building for an Eternal Future". The Watchtower. January 1, 1986. p. 25.
  65. ^Gov.

    Body as "Faithful & Discreet Slave" is explained encompass 8 minute clip. "2012 Yearbook Meeting Program". Official website discern Jehovah's Witnesses. The Watch Obelisk Bible and Tract Society advice Pennsylvania.